TEMPERATURE REGULATION WHEN RUNNING IN THE COLD The essential problem encountered during hot-weather running is the dissipation of sufficient heat to prevent heat storage and a dangerous rise in body temperature. When running in extreme cold, the critical danger is that the rate of heat loss from the body may exceed the rate of body […] Read more
Sponging As the skin temperature rises, it causes blood to pool in the veins of the arms and legs. This is because the elevated skin temperature “paralyzes” the veins, which dilate and soon fill with a large volume of blood. This blood is effectively lost from the circulation and can only be returned to the […] Read more
The Role of Arm Training and Cross-Training for Activities That Involve Mainly the Legs Part of the accepted dogma of training is that all training is absolutely specific. Thus it is believed that the greatest benefit is achieved if one trains only in the specific activity in which one wishes to compete (Clausen, 1977). While […] Read more
Practical Implications of Training Of what practical value is this knowledge of the muscle adaptations to training? First, the fact that the mitochondrial adaptations to training occur only in the trained muscles and only in the muscle fibers that are active during that exercise indicate that training for a particular event or sport must use […] Read more
A number of researchers have used the decrease in mitochondrial enzyme content that occurs when training stops as a measure of the rate at which fitness is lost when one stops training. In addition, they have studied the amount of exercise required to maintain these adaptations. In rats and humans trained for 8 to 15 […] Read more
Adaptations in Muscle Contractility The fascination that modem exercise physiologists have had for the theory that oxygen alone determines exercise performance may have blinded us to other possibilities (Noakes, 1988b). One possibility is that muscle power or contractility may determine performance (see post 2, p. 21) and that training may effect important changes in muscle […] Read more
From “Hypothesis: Significance of Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Enzyme Enhancement With Endurance Training” by P.D. Gollnick and B. Saltin, 1982, Clinical Physiologist, 2, p. 4. Copyright 1982 by Blackwell Scientific Publications. Adapted by permission. Capacity of each mitochondrion to produce ATP at any substrate concentration is greatly enhanced. Thus at any rate of energy production (exercise […] Read more
These techniques were very effective. The runners on the “carbohydrate trial” completed the race in excellent physical condition; their postrace blood glucose levels were elevated, and their performances were improved. This study had such an effect that for the next 56 years, most authorities virtually dismissed the possibility that hypoglycemia could be a factor in […] Read more
Muscle Glycogen Use During Exercise Exercises 3.8 shows that the rate of muscle glycogen utilization during exercise is greatest when prerace muscle glycogen levels are highest. Thus it follows that if one has taken the trouble to carbohydrate load before exercise, that athlete must also try to prevent those stores from depleting too rapidly. A […] Read more
PREEXERCISE DIET AND PERFORMANCE Exercisess 3.5 and 3.8 show that a high-carbohydrate (75 to 90%) diet eaten for the last 3 days before exercise causes maximum filling of muscle and liver glycogen stores. Exercises 3.7 also shows that the carbohydrate content of the diet needs to approach 500 g a day for optimum filling of […] Read more
